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TOBACCO ADDICTION

Tobacco addiction can be simply defined as the constant desire to use tobacco products and the inability to quit this usage. However, a more meaningful understanding of tobacco addiction can be achieved by examining it within a three-dimensional structure that includes neurochemical (related to nicotine) addiction, the psychological addiction dimension, and physical habits related to tobacco product consumption.

What Health Problems Does Tobacco Addiction Cause?

Tobacco use contributes to the development of the following diseases:

• Various types of cancer (lung, stomach, skin, cervical, etc.)

• Cardiovascular diseases

• Diabetes

• Respiratory diseases

• Gastric disorders such as gastritis and ulcers

• Dental and gum diseases

• Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, miscarriage, developmental disorders in children, and cessation of breastfeeding
Tobacco use is a critical public health issue, increasing both the overall disease risk and health burden of the population. According to the World Health Organization’s Global Tobacco Epidemic Report 2025, smoking is the leading factor that increases the risk of premature death. Among those who continue to use tobacco, nearly half may die as a result of its effects (World Health Organization, 2025).

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 The main symptoms of tobacco addiction include:

Persistent tobacco use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., neglecting job responsibilities).

The original substance of tobacco is a dark liquid called nicotine, which is a colorless, bitter liquid and fundamentally a poison. Nicotine, which can also be produced synthetically, is used as an agricultural pesticide. The known side effects of tobacco include:

  • Decreased appetite
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Vascular blockages
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Obstructive lung disease
  • Cerebrovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases
  • What are the Effects of Tobacco Addiction?
  • It affects different parts of the central nervous system, leading to physical and psychological health problems. Some of these effects include:
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Lung diseases and COPD due to bronchial constriction
  • Vascular blockages and related strokes
  • Gastritis, ulcers, and stomach cancer
  • Yellowing of the skin, wrinkles, and skin cancer
  • Bad breath and yellowing of teeth
  • Smoking during pregnancy leads to premature birth and various developmental disorders.

After discontinuing the use of tobacco products, some positive developments in the body are as follows:

  • Nicotine begins to leave the body 2 hours after quitting smoking.
  • Heart rate and blood pressure start to decrease after 6 hours.
  • After 12 hours, toxic carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke is cleared from the circulation, allowing the lungs to function better.
  • Taste and smell senses sharpen after 2 days.
  • Within 2-12 weeks, circulation improves, making physical activities like walking and running easier.
  • Coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and lung strength improve after 3-9 weeks.
  • The risk of a heart attack is halved within 5 years.
  • After 10 years, the risk of lung cancer is halved, and the risk of a heart attack becomes the same as that of a person who has never smoked.

Tobacco use can cause serious health consequences not only for users but also for those who are not actively using tobacco. The toxins and other cancer-causing substances in tobacco products are released into the air from burning cigarettes, creating a toxic environment for people nearby. Therefore, the health of individuals exposed to tobacco smoke despite not using it themselves is of great importance. This exposure is referred to as passive smoking or secondhand tobacco smoke exposure. Secondhand smoke fills enclosed spaces when tobacco products such as cigarettes and hookahs are used. Inhalation of this smoke is called passive smoking.

According to the World Health Organization’s 2020 statement, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke is particularly harmful at an early age. Approximately half of the world’s children breathe air contaminated with tobacco smoke, leading to serious health problems.

The dangers of passive smoking include:

  • Smoke from a burning cigarette contains around 4,000 chemicals and toxins, 50 of which are carcinogenic.
  • A cigarette burns for about 12 minutes, but a smoker only inhales it for about 30 seconds. The remaining smoke is inhaled by people nearby.
  • Smoke released into the environment is more harmful than the smoke directly inhaled by the smoker because it spreads at a lower temperature.
  • Environmental tobacco smoke contains three times more nicotine, 70% more tar, and 2.5 times more carbon monoxide than the smoke directly inhaled.
  • Children exposed to tobacco smoke have a higher risk of respiratory problems, including asthma, bronchitis, colds, middle ear issues, and reduced lung function.
  • Approximately two-thirds of a cigarette is released into the air.

For more detailed information on the topics covered in this section, you may refer to the following sources:

• 101 Questions on Addiction (2019). [Link: 101 Soruda Bağımlılık | Yeşilay (yesilay.org.tr)]

• World Health Organization. (2020). Tobacco: health benefits of smoking cessation. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/tobacco-health-benefits-of-smoking-cessation

• World Health Organization. (2025). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2025: warning about the dangers of tobacco . [Link: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240088283

More Latest News

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In an important step for global public health and humanitarian response, the International Federation of Green Crescent (IFGC) and the United Nations (UN) International Organization for Migration (IOM) have signed a comprehensive agreement. This Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) creates a official partnership to bring together addiction prevention work with mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) for migrants, refugees, and communities affected by crises. The official signing ceremony took place at the Permanent Mission of Türkiye to the United Nations Office in Geneva. The event was attended by Ambassador Dr. Mehmet Güllüoğlu, Vice President of the Turkish Green Crescent and Secretary-General of the IFGC, and Vincent Houver, IOM Director of the Department of Mobility Pathways and Inclusion, along with representatives from both institutions. This agreement does not mark the start of a brand-new relationship. Instead, it makes a long-standing partnership official and permanent. For years, Green Crescent Counseling Centers (YEDAM) have worked closely with the IOM on the ground, helping vulnerable communities fight addiction and mental health issues. This new MoU turns those local efforts into a structured, global alliance. STATEMENTS FROM LEADERS ON THE HUMANITARIAN NEEDS Speaking at the ceremony in Geneva, Ambassador Dr. Mehmet Güllüoğlu emphasized that this agreement is much more than just a routine official document, stating: "This ceremony reflects a joint commitment to support vulnerable and displaced communities through prevention, recovery, psychosocial well-being, and inclusive community-based approaches." Dr. Güllüoğlu drew attention to the current global situation, noting that millions of young people around the world are growing up under the shadow of wars, natural disasters, forced migration, and social instability. He explained that these crises do not just force people to leave their homes; they also break social bonds, weaken mental strength, increase isolation, and deeply hurt emotional well-being. Speaking about the expanding scope of addiction, Dr. Güllüoğlu said: "As IFGC, we believe it is becoming increasingly important that addiction prevention cannot be separated from broader discussions about well-being, resilience, inclusion, and human dignity. This includes not only substance addiction such as alcohol and drugs, but also behavioral addictions like gambling, gaming, and problematic technology use. These can become even more visible during periods of displacement, uncertainty, and social isolation." Representing the United Nations, IOM Director Vincent Houver acknowledged that public health—especially specialized fields like addiction treatment—is often underfunded and undervalued in global humanitarian response. Welcoming the partnership with the IFGC, Houver noted: "Unfortunately, drug and substance use, along with other addictive behaviors, crosscut very frequently with our work, but I think this is a reality of the humanitarian field. Drug use and substance addiction hinder the integration of migrants into host societies and present significant barriers that prevent them from successfully reintegrating and achieving social cohesion with the community when they return to their countries." Houver also highlighted that since humanitarian needs are growing globally while international budgets are shrinking, the wide network of the IFGC is incredibly valuable to the United Nations: "As humanitarian needs continue to increase globally, while resources tend to decrease, IOM is proud to partner with IFGC to strengthen prevention and access to care among migrants and host communities." Concluding his speech, Houver praised the leading role of Türkiye and the Green Crescent on the world stage: "Türkiye is an invaluable and strong partner for IOM, one of the key member states of IOM. Therefore, it is a matter of great pride for us that you represent Türkiye today, being here as civil and permanent representative. Türkiye is an absolutely indispensable partner for IOM in the field of migration and in the field of humanitarian assistance in general. Therefore, we are very proud to be able to partner with you today in this special setting." TECHNICAL SCOPE AND STRATEGIC PILLARS OF THE AGREEMENT The partnership focuses on four main strategic areas: sharing expertise by contributing to each other's international training programs on mental health, intercultural communication, and substance use disorders; launching joint research and pilot initiatives to study areas of shared interest; exploring new ways to share program information at the country level to improve field coordination and facilitate safe healthcare referrals; and exchanging specialized technical resources—such as clinical protocols, training tools, and guidance documents—on a case-by-case basis while fully respecting intellectual property rights and confidentiality frameworks.  To ensure safe field operations, the agreement introduces strict international legal and privacy guardrails. The framework explicitly prohibits any transfer or exchange of personal data belonging to beneficiaries or patients, requiring a separate, highly secure data-sharing agreement if such needs arise in the future. FUTURE OUTLOOK IFGC and the IOM will meet regularly to ensure the agreement is being put into practice. Following its immediate entry into force upon signature, both headquarters are asking that the details of this MoU be shared across all global field offices and regional teams.  

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