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SUBSTANCE ADDICTION

Substance use disorder is classified under Disorders due to substance use in the International Classification of Diseases, 11th Revision (ICD-11), published by the World Health Organization. Substances that can cause addiction are chemical compounds that, once entering the body, produce changes in behavior, mental state, and physical health. These substances are referred to in medical literature as psychoactive substances.

What Health Problems Does Substance Addiction Cause?

Substance-related disorders are divided into substance use disorders and substance-induced disorders. Substance-induced conditions include intoxication, withdrawal, and substance- or medication-induced mental disorders such as psychotic disorders, bipolar and related disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunctions, delirium, and neurocognitive disorders.

Individuals with substance use disorders may experience various cognitive and behavioral problems. Changes in brain structure and function can lead to intense cravings, personality changes, unusual behaviors, and other behavioral alterations. Brain imaging studies show that substance use causes changes in areas of the brain involved in judgment, decision-making, learning, memory, and behavioral control. Additionally, infants born to dependent women may experience neonatal abstinence syndrome.

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People with substance use disorders are also more likely to develop lung or heart disease, stroke, cancer, and various mental health problems. They may be at higher risk of infectious diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis C, as well as premature death.

The severity of physical and mental health problems related to substance use is influenced by factors such as the frequency of use, the amount consumed in a single session, risky behaviors associated with use or context, the method of administration, or a combination of these factors.

Psychoactive Substances and Substance Use Disorders

A psychoactive substance is a chemical compound that affects the central nervous system, altering brain functions and leading to changes in perception, senses, behavior, consciousness, and mood. Certain medications are also classified as psychoactive substances. Even a single use of these substances can result in various disorders related to substance use.

However, addictive substances should not be limited solely to psychoactive compounds. This classification also includes disorders arising from the harmful, non-medical use of substances that are not chemically psychoactive but carry a risk of addiction.

Substance use disorders encompass various conditions resulting from the single or repeated use of psychoactive substances, including certain medications. Additionally, disorders resulting from the harmful, non-medical use of non-psychoactive substances are also included in this category.

Substance use stimulates the brain’s reward pathways. The pleasurable and reinforcing effects of substance use disrupt dopamine regulation in the brain, and this disruption further reinforces repeated use. When substance use becomes repetitive, it can lead to addiction. At the same time, it can cause numerous harms that threaten both mental and physical health.

 

References

For more detailed information on the topics covered in this section, you may refer to the following sources:

•    American Psychiatric Association (2024). What is a Substance Use Disorder? [Link: https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/addiction-substance-use-disorders/what-is-a-substance-use-disorder ]

•    101 Questions on Addiction (2019). [Link: 101 Soruda Bağımlılık | Yeşilay (yesilay.org.tr)]

•    World Health Organization (2025). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics, Disorders due to substance use. [Link: https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/en#590211325 ]

What are the symptoms of substance use disorder?

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), at least two symptoms of substance addiction must occur within the last year, causing significant distress and a decrease in functionality. The symptoms include:

  • Intense desire and need for obtaining and using the substance.

  • Tendency to increase the dosage used.

  • Intense sensitivity to the physical and psychological effects of the substance and seeking these effects.

  • Making the substance a significant element in the person's life.

  • Repeatedly impeding work, home or school responsibilities due to substance use.

  • Being under the influence of substances in potentially dangerous situations (e.g., while driving) repeatedly.

  • Legal issues related to substance use.

  • Substance use causing repeated and persistent problems in social life and close relationships but continuing despite these issues.

  • Continuing substance use despite knowing its negative physical or mental effects.

  • Developing tolerance to the substance, requiring increased amounts for the desired effect or experiencing decreased effects with the same amount.

  • Withdrawal symptoms (nausea, insomnia, vomiting, irritability, depression, restlessness, aggression, diarrhea, sweating, tremors, muscle aches, fever, etc.).

What are the effects of substance use disorder?

Substance addiction affects various regions of the central nervous system, causing both physical and psychological damage. These effects include:

  • Rendering the mind and willpower non-functional, distancing individuals from normal life and behaviors.
  • Inducing nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea and stomach and intestinal spasms/bleeding.
  • Causing harm to all internal organs, leading to various diseases.
  • Resulting in poisoning and potential death.
  • Diminishing the individual's adaptability to the environment, causing the individual to rapidly isolate from family and surroundings, often accompanied by severe depression.

What should you do?

Some ways for the relatives of substance users include:

  • Speaking may not be helpful if the person is under the influence.

  • Avoiding talking until you feel ready.

  • Being open, sincere and convincing without giving advice.

  • Avoiding generalizations.

  • Not speaking based on fears.

  • Avoiding labeling the person as a "user"; approaching someone labeled as a user is challenging.

  • Recognizing your biases ("These people are hopeless") to reduce the likelihood of miscommunication.

  • Trying to understand the person's thoughts, experiences and fears by putting yourself in their shoes.

  • Persuading them with a sincere approach to seek professional help.

What should you avoid?

Some points to be careful about for the relatives of substance users include:

   "No, my child would never use."

• Self-blame and blaming the spouse

   "This child turned out this way because of you."

   "We couldn't be good parents."

• Feeling disappointment and helplessness

   "Did I raise you for this?"

   "Everything is over; nothing can be the same again."

• Anger

   "I can't have a child like this!"

• Blaming and humiliating the child

   "You won't amount to anything."

• Making extreme decisions

   "Your school life is over."

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