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ALCOHOL ADDICTION

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), alcohol  addiction is defined as a disorder resulting from the repeated or continuous use of alcohol. According to the diagnostic criteria of the American Psychiatric Association’s DSM-5, alcohol addiction is a problematic pattern of alcohol use leading to clinically significant distress or impairment in daily functioning, as manifested by at least two of the following symptoms within a twelve-month period.

What Health Problems Does Alcohol Addiction Cause?

Use of alcohol is one of the leading global health risk factors and contributes to numerous diseases, creating significant social and economic burdens on communities. Alcohol addiction often occurs alongside various psychological and physical problems. Individuals diagnosed with alcohol addiction may have an increased risk of dependence on other substances and experience mental health issues such as mood disorders, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and personality disorders. Physically, alcohol addiction can lead to liver enlargement, fatty liver, jaundice, cancer, cirrhosis, high blood pressure, heart

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Alcohol use also impairs brain function, resulting in frequent difficulties such as balance problems, challenges in performing skill-based tasks, alcohol-related dementia, and memory impairment. 

Alcohol lowers testosterone levels (male hormone) while increasing estrogen levels (female hormone). It disrupts vitamin balance in the body, causes dehydration, and promotes fat accumulation, which can lead to weight problems, muscle loss, and weakness.

Alcohol use damages the nervous system, potentially causing tremors in the hands and tingling or numbness in the legs.

Some individuals use alcohol believing it positively affects or facilitates sexual activity; however, contrary to this perception, it often causes multiple problems.
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to growth and developmental delays in the fetus.

Research shows that alcohol use is responsible for approximately 3 million deaths worldwide each year. The harms caused by alcohol affect not only the individual consuming it but also their family members and those around them, leading to various health disorders and social problems.

 

Distinguishing alcohol addiction from occasional alcohol consumption can be challenging since alcohol is widely accepted and consumed in many cultures. Symptoms of alcohol addiction include:

Development of Tolerance: The need for increasing amounts of alcohol to maintain the same effect.

Withdrawal Symptoms: Mental and physical distress resulting from reducing or quitting alcohol use, alleviated by resuming alcohol consumption.

Loss of Control: Exceeding planned amounts of alcohol use.

Time and Energy Expenditure: Excessive time and energy spent on obtaining, using, or recovering from alcohol effects.

Social and Occupational Issues: Decreased or complete abandonment of significant social and professional activities due to alcohol use.

Failed Attempts: Unsuccessful attempts to control or quit alcohol use.

Conscious Harmful Alcohol Use: Continuing alcohol consumption despite awareness of its harmful effects.

Recognizing early warning signs is crucial, considering the worsening trend of alcohol addiction over time. Early diagnosis and treatment can help individuals avoid negative consequences. If you know someone struggling with alcohol addiction, providing support is essential. Avoiding shame or guilt can help reduce the individual's resistance to seeking help.

Alcohol addiction causes physical and psychological damage by affecting different parts of the central nervous system. Some effects include:

  • Esophageal, laryngeal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers.
  • Impaired brain functions such as thinking, decision-making, and movement.
  • Sleep disorders, headaches, eye damage.
  • Heart and circulatory diseases.
  • Impaired blood clotting.
  • Severe liver damage.

 

Acknowledging alcohol misuse or the development of alcohol addiction can take time due to alcohol's social nature as a psychoactive substance. Many individuals continue social alcohol use while developing alcohol addiction. Those using alcohol and seeking treatment, along with their families, can seek treatment from addiction treatment centers and psychiatric clinics associated with hospitals. Treatment should be tailored to the individual's needs, with the main goal being sobriety, requiring long-term follow-up after treatment.

Differential diagnosis and treatment of accompanying psychiatric disorders are crucial. Long-term follow-up after treatment is necessary, as relapses often occur within the first 6 months. The family of individuals with alcohol addiction plays a significant role in the addiction treatment. If the individual continues drinking, the spouse stating that they cannot stay with them as long as they continue may be a sufficient reason for the individuals with alcohol addiction to attempt quitting alcohol. If the individual refuses to undergo an original treatment program for alcoholism, the relationship between the doctor and the individual with alcohol addiction should not be severed, and a psychosocial crisis where the individual accepts treatment should be awaited.

Some considerations for the relatives of a substance-using person include:

• Helping the individual with alcohol addiction see the consequences of their behavior.

• Showing genuine interest and remembering that alcohol problems are an illness.

• Acquiring knowledge about addiction treatment methods

•Being prepared for the individual with alcohol addiction to accept help.

• Pre-arranging with the treatment center for necessary organization.

• Recognizing early warning signs, considering the worsening trend of addiction over time.

For more detailed information on the topics covered in this section, you may refer to the following sources:

  • American Psychiatric Association (2014). DSM-5: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Trans. E. Köroğlu). Ankara: Hekimler Publishing House
  • 101 Questions on Addiction (2019). [Link: 101 Soruda Bağımlılık | Yeşilay (yesilay.org.tr)]
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2023). Health at a Glance 2023. [Link: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2023/11/health-at-a-glance-2023_e04f8239/7a7afb35-en.pdf ]
  • World Health Organization (2025). ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics: Disorders due to Use of Alcohol. [Link: https://icd.who.int/browse/2025-01/mms/en#1676588433 ]
  • World Health Organization (2020). Alcohol and Cancer in the WHO European Region: An Appeal for Better Prevention. [Link: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/336595/WHO-EURO-2020-1435-41185-56004-eng.pdf ]
  • World Health Organization (2024). Alcohol Fact Sheet. [Link: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol ]

More Latest News

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In an important step for global public health and humanitarian response, the International Federation of Green Crescent (IFGC) and the United Nations (UN) International Organization for Migration (IOM) have signed a comprehensive agreement. This Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) creates a official partnership to bring together addiction prevention work with mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) for migrants, refugees, and communities affected by crises. The official signing ceremony took place at the Permanent Mission of Türkiye to the United Nations Office in Geneva. The event was attended by Ambassador Dr. Mehmet Güllüoğlu, Vice President of the Turkish Green Crescent and Secretary-General of the IFGC, and Vincent Houver, IOM Director of the Department of Mobility Pathways and Inclusion, along with representatives from both institutions. This agreement does not mark the start of a brand-new relationship. Instead, it makes a long-standing partnership official and permanent. For years, Green Crescent Counseling Centers (YEDAM) have worked closely with the IOM on the ground, helping vulnerable communities fight addiction and mental health issues. This new MoU turns those local efforts into a structured, global alliance. STATEMENTS FROM LEADERS ON THE HUMANITARIAN NEEDS Speaking at the ceremony in Geneva, Ambassador Dr. Mehmet Güllüoğlu emphasized that this agreement is much more than just a routine official document, stating: "This ceremony reflects a joint commitment to support vulnerable and displaced communities through prevention, recovery, psychosocial well-being, and inclusive community-based approaches." Dr. Güllüoğlu drew attention to the current global situation, noting that millions of young people around the world are growing up under the shadow of wars, natural disasters, forced migration, and social instability. He explained that these crises do not just force people to leave their homes; they also break social bonds, weaken mental strength, increase isolation, and deeply hurt emotional well-being. Speaking about the expanding scope of addiction, Dr. Güllüoğlu said: "As IFGC, we believe it is becoming increasingly important that addiction prevention cannot be separated from broader discussions about well-being, resilience, inclusion, and human dignity. This includes not only substance addiction such as alcohol and drugs, but also behavioral addictions like gambling, gaming, and problematic technology use. These can become even more visible during periods of displacement, uncertainty, and social isolation." Representing the United Nations, IOM Director Vincent Houver acknowledged that public health—especially specialized fields like addiction treatment—is often underfunded and undervalued in global humanitarian response. Welcoming the partnership with the IFGC, Houver noted: "Unfortunately, drug and substance use, along with other addictive behaviors, crosscut very frequently with our work, but I think this is a reality of the humanitarian field. Drug use and substance addiction hinder the integration of migrants into host societies and present significant barriers that prevent them from successfully reintegrating and achieving social cohesion with the community when they return to their countries." Houver also highlighted that since humanitarian needs are growing globally while international budgets are shrinking, the wide network of the IFGC is incredibly valuable to the United Nations: "As humanitarian needs continue to increase globally, while resources tend to decrease, IOM is proud to partner with IFGC to strengthen prevention and access to care among migrants and host communities." Concluding his speech, Houver praised the leading role of Türkiye and the Green Crescent on the world stage: "Türkiye is an invaluable and strong partner for IOM, one of the key member states of IOM. Therefore, it is a matter of great pride for us that you represent Türkiye today, being here as civil and permanent representative. Türkiye is an absolutely indispensable partner for IOM in the field of migration and in the field of humanitarian assistance in general. Therefore, we are very proud to be able to partner with you today in this special setting." TECHNICAL SCOPE AND STRATEGIC PILLARS OF THE AGREEMENT The partnership focuses on four main strategic areas: sharing expertise by contributing to each other's international training programs on mental health, intercultural communication, and substance use disorders; launching joint research and pilot initiatives to study areas of shared interest; exploring new ways to share program information at the country level to improve field coordination and facilitate safe healthcare referrals; and exchanging specialized technical resources—such as clinical protocols, training tools, and guidance documents—on a case-by-case basis while fully respecting intellectual property rights and confidentiality frameworks.  To ensure safe field operations, the agreement introduces strict international legal and privacy guardrails. The framework explicitly prohibits any transfer or exchange of personal data belonging to beneficiaries or patients, requiring a separate, highly secure data-sharing agreement if such needs arise in the future. FUTURE OUTLOOK IFGC and the IOM will meet regularly to ensure the agreement is being put into practice. Following its immediate entry into force upon signature, both headquarters are asking that the details of this MoU be shared across all global field offices and regional teams.  

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