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PUBLIC HEALTH

Public health, the art and science of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health, sanitation, personal hygiene, control of infectious diseases, and organization of health services. From the normal human interactions involved in dealing with the many problems of social life, there has emerged a recognition of the importance of community action in the promotion of health and the prevention and treatment of disease, and this is expressed in the concept of public health.

In the realm of public health, it's vital to subject the emergence and spread of issues, as well as methods to prevent them, to rigorous scientific researches. This involves analyzing scientific data and sharing it with the public and authorities. National and international scientific conferences play a crucial role in exploring approaches to preventing addiction and assessing implementation opportunities within the context of public health.

Ensuring the health and well-being of individuals without any disease or disability, maintaining their health and improving it as well as enhancing their quality of life are fundamental responsibilities within the field of Public Health. While other medical specialties prioritize treating diseases, Public Health places health above all else. In Public Health, healthcare must be provided to the entire community, regardless of whether there's a demand for services, as being healthy is not just a prerequisite for individual happiness but also a human right that extends beyond personal welfare to societal well-being.

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In Public Health services, a variety of initiatives aim to preserve and enhance public health. These include immunization against infectious diseases, nutritional education to promote balanced diets, measures to combat air and water pollution, preventive actions against harmful substance use like alcohol and addiction and raising awareness to encourage healthy lifestyles. Since ordinary individuals typically don't seek out such services on their own, ensuring their participation in these initiatives requires specialized expertise and presents a challenging task.

3 Elements of Public Health (3P)

(P)revention  

(P)romotion 

(P)rotection

  • It supports the early detection of health issues and the implementation of suitable treatment methods.
  • With its interdisciplinary approach, it also delves into the socio-economic factors underlying disease causes, offering vital insights for effective solutions.
  • Public health caters to the entire population, ensuring no individual is left in disadvantaged circumstances.
  • It ensures the community is well-informed about health threats.
  • Through preventive measures, it presents a cost-effective alternative compared to the funds allocated for treatment.

Public health, a cornerstone of sustainable development, intersects with various issues and sectors, spanning from economics to social engagement, climate change to security. Therefore, collaboration, a prerequisite for global development, is an integral aspect of public health endeavors.

While the Millennium Development Goals set specific targets for certain diseases between 2000 and 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals established in 2015 articulate a broader objective in health. Aligned with the aim of "Ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all at all ages," the UN has issued a global call to action.

Countries with the most successful public health initiatives are typically those classified as developed nations. Recognizing that a nation's most valuable asset is its healthy human capital, these countries prioritize preventive and promotive activities to safeguard and enhance public health, rather than solely focusing on hospital-based medical treatments. Consequently, in countries that prioritize public health, where individuals rarely seek healthcare facilities with requests such as "prolong my life" or "protect my children from infectious diseases and harmful substance habits," the average life expectancy at birth is significantly longer, infant and child mortality rates are much lower, and overall health indicators are notably superior compared to other nations.

Globally, one of the major challenges in addiction treatment lies in the disparities in accessing appropriate treatment and support services. Especially in low-income countries, there may be insufficient resources and expertise available for addiction treatment. This situation exacerbates global inequality in addressing addiction-related issues.

On a global scale, tobacco use remains one of the greatest threats to public health, causing over 8 million deaths annually and tobacco control continues to be a global health priority. According to the World Health Statistics 2023 report, there have been significant reductions in per capita alcohol consumption in Europe (17% decrease) and Africa (18% decrease) between 2000 and 2019, while the Americas region has experienced stagnation, and significant increases in per capita consumption have been observed in the Southeast Asia (112% increase) and Western Pacific (40% increase) regions.

Additionally, a study published in Tension Trusted Source has found that even small amounts of alcohol consumption can raise blood pressure.

Current research on gambling shows that approximately 40% of adolescents engage in simulated gambling games. However, it is noted that even these games, which do not involve financial risk, can still increase individuals' interest in gambling. The shift of adults who grew up with video games and online gambling to sports betting is the newest area of interest for researchers trying to understand the effects on both people with gambling addiction and those exposed to gambling early.

In June 2023, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) published the "World Drug Report." According to the report, one out of every 17 individuals aged 15-64 has used at least one illicit drug within the past year. The estimated number of drug users increased from 250 million in 2011 to 296 million in 2021. Additionally, according to the European Drug Report, cannabis continues to be the most widely consumed illicit drug in Europe.

Efforts in public health require a special worldview, a different philosophy, and are an open field for collaboration not only for physicians but also for many professions related to health or social sciences.

Since public health efforts are directed towards society without individual demands and results take a long time to emerge, successful outcomes may not be immediately visible. Therefore, the primary source of satisfaction in preventing addiction is the improvement in the health status and quality of life of the communities in which individuals live.

For more detailed information on the topics covered in this section, you may refer to the following sources:

· Britannica Editors. (2025, October 11). Public health. Encyclopaedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/public-health

· World Health Organization (WHO) (2023). World Health Statistics 2023. Geneva: WHO. https://www.who.int/data/gho

· United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) (2023). World Drug Report 2023. Vienna: UNODC. https://www.unodc.org

· European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) (2023). European Drug Report 2023. Lisbon: EMCDDA. https://www.emcdda.europa.eu

More Latest News

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In an important step for global public health and humanitarian response, the International Federation of Green Crescent (IFGC) and the United Nations (UN) International Organization for Migration (IOM) have signed a comprehensive agreement. This Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) creates a official partnership to bring together addiction prevention work with mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) for migrants, refugees, and communities affected by crises. The official signing ceremony took place at the Permanent Mission of Türkiye to the United Nations Office in Geneva. The event was attended by Ambassador Dr. Mehmet Güllüoğlu, Vice President of the Turkish Green Crescent and Secretary-General of the IFGC, and Vincent Houver, IOM Director of the Department of Mobility Pathways and Inclusion, along with representatives from both institutions. This agreement does not mark the start of a brand-new relationship. Instead, it makes a long-standing partnership official and permanent. For years, Green Crescent Counseling Centers (YEDAM) have worked closely with the IOM on the ground, helping vulnerable communities fight addiction and mental health issues. This new MoU turns those local efforts into a structured, global alliance. STATEMENTS FROM LEADERS ON THE HUMANITARIAN NEEDS Speaking at the ceremony in Geneva, Ambassador Dr. Mehmet Güllüoğlu emphasized that this agreement is much more than just a routine official document, stating: "This ceremony reflects a joint commitment to support vulnerable and displaced communities through prevention, recovery, psychosocial well-being, and inclusive community-based approaches." Dr. Güllüoğlu drew attention to the current global situation, noting that millions of young people around the world are growing up under the shadow of wars, natural disasters, forced migration, and social instability. He explained that these crises do not just force people to leave their homes; they also break social bonds, weaken mental strength, increase isolation, and deeply hurt emotional well-being. Speaking about the expanding scope of addiction, Dr. Güllüoğlu said: "As IFGC, we believe it is becoming increasingly important that addiction prevention cannot be separated from broader discussions about well-being, resilience, inclusion, and human dignity. This includes not only substance addiction such as alcohol and drugs, but also behavioral addictions like gambling, gaming, and problematic technology use. These can become even more visible during periods of displacement, uncertainty, and social isolation." Representing the United Nations, IOM Director Vincent Houver acknowledged that public health—especially specialized fields like addiction treatment—is often underfunded and undervalued in global humanitarian response. Welcoming the partnership with the IFGC, Houver noted: "Unfortunately, drug and substance use, along with other addictive behaviors, crosscut very frequently with our work, but I think this is a reality of the humanitarian field. Drug use and substance addiction hinder the integration of migrants into host societies and present significant barriers that prevent them from successfully reintegrating and achieving social cohesion with the community when they return to their countries." Houver also highlighted that since humanitarian needs are growing globally while international budgets are shrinking, the wide network of the IFGC is incredibly valuable to the United Nations: "As humanitarian needs continue to increase globally, while resources tend to decrease, IOM is proud to partner with IFGC to strengthen prevention and access to care among migrants and host communities." Concluding his speech, Houver praised the leading role of Türkiye and the Green Crescent on the world stage: "Türkiye is an invaluable and strong partner for IOM, one of the key member states of IOM. Therefore, it is a matter of great pride for us that you represent Türkiye today, being here as civil and permanent representative. Türkiye is an absolutely indispensable partner for IOM in the field of migration and in the field of humanitarian assistance in general. Therefore, we are very proud to be able to partner with you today in this special setting." TECHNICAL SCOPE AND STRATEGIC PILLARS OF THE AGREEMENT The partnership focuses on four main strategic areas: sharing expertise by contributing to each other's international training programs on mental health, intercultural communication, and substance use disorders; launching joint research and pilot initiatives to study areas of shared interest; exploring new ways to share program information at the country level to improve field coordination and facilitate safe healthcare referrals; and exchanging specialized technical resources—such as clinical protocols, training tools, and guidance documents—on a case-by-case basis while fully respecting intellectual property rights and confidentiality frameworks.  To ensure safe field operations, the agreement introduces strict international legal and privacy guardrails. The framework explicitly prohibits any transfer or exchange of personal data belonging to beneficiaries or patients, requiring a separate, highly secure data-sharing agreement if such needs arise in the future. FUTURE OUTLOOK IFGC and the IOM will meet regularly to ensure the agreement is being put into practice. Following its immediate entry into force upon signature, both headquarters are asking that the details of this MoU be shared across all global field offices and regional teams.  

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