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TOBACCO ADDICTION

Tobacco addiction can be simply defined as the constant desire to use tobacco products and the inability to quit this usage. However, a more meaningful understanding of tobacco addiction can be achieved by examining it within a three-dimensional structure that includes neurochemical (related to nicotine) addiction, the psychological addiction dimension, and physical habits related to tobacco product consumption.

What Health Problems Does Tobacco Addiction Cause?

Tobacco use contributes to the development of the following diseases:

• Various types of cancer (lung, stomach, skin, cervical, etc.)

• Cardiovascular diseases

• Diabetes

• Respiratory diseases

• Gastric disorders such as gastritis and ulcers

• Dental and gum diseases

• Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth, miscarriage, developmental disorders in children, and cessation of breastfeeding
Tobacco use is a critical public health issue, increasing both the overall disease risk and health burden of the population. According to the World Health Organization’s Global Tobacco Epidemic Report 2025, smoking is the leading factor that increases the risk of premature death. Among those who continue to use tobacco, nearly half may die as a result of its effects (World Health Organization, 2025).

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 The main symptoms of tobacco addiction include:

Persistent tobacco use resulting in failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home (e.g., neglecting job responsibilities).

The original substance of tobacco is a dark liquid called nicotine, which is a colorless, bitter liquid and fundamentally a poison. Nicotine, which can also be produced synthetically, is used as an agricultural pesticide. The known side effects of tobacco include:

  • Decreased appetite
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Vascular blockages
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Obstructive lung disease
  • Cerebrovascular diseases and peripheral vascular diseases
  • What are the Effects of Tobacco Addiction?
  • It affects different parts of the central nervous system, leading to physical and psychological health problems. Some of these effects include:
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Lung diseases and COPD due to bronchial constriction
  • Vascular blockages and related strokes
  • Gastritis, ulcers, and stomach cancer
  • Yellowing of the skin, wrinkles, and skin cancer
  • Bad breath and yellowing of teeth
  • Smoking during pregnancy leads to premature birth and various developmental disorders.

After discontinuing the use of tobacco products, some positive developments in the body are as follows:

  • Nicotine begins to leave the body 2 hours after quitting smoking.
  • Heart rate and blood pressure start to decrease after 6 hours.
  • After 12 hours, toxic carbon monoxide from cigarette smoke is cleared from the circulation, allowing the lungs to function better.
  • Taste and smell senses sharpen after 2 days.
  • Within 2-12 weeks, circulation improves, making physical activities like walking and running easier.
  • Coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and lung strength improve after 3-9 weeks.
  • The risk of a heart attack is halved within 5 years.
  • After 10 years, the risk of lung cancer is halved, and the risk of a heart attack becomes the same as that of a person who has never smoked.

Tobacco use can cause serious health consequences not only for users but also for those who are not actively using tobacco. The toxins and other cancer-causing substances in tobacco products are released into the air from burning cigarettes, creating a toxic environment for people nearby. Therefore, the health of individuals exposed to tobacco smoke despite not using it themselves is of great importance. This exposure is referred to as passive smoking or secondhand tobacco smoke exposure. Secondhand smoke fills enclosed spaces when tobacco products such as cigarettes and hookahs are used. Inhalation of this smoke is called passive smoking.

According to the World Health Organization’s 2020 statement, exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke is particularly harmful at an early age. Approximately half of the world’s children breathe air contaminated with tobacco smoke, leading to serious health problems.

The dangers of passive smoking include:

  • Smoke from a burning cigarette contains around 4,000 chemicals and toxins, 50 of which are carcinogenic.
  • A cigarette burns for about 12 minutes, but a smoker only inhales it for about 30 seconds. The remaining smoke is inhaled by people nearby.
  • Smoke released into the environment is more harmful than the smoke directly inhaled by the smoker because it spreads at a lower temperature.
  • Environmental tobacco smoke contains three times more nicotine, 70% more tar, and 2.5 times more carbon monoxide than the smoke directly inhaled.
  • Children exposed to tobacco smoke have a higher risk of respiratory problems, including asthma, bronchitis, colds, middle ear issues, and reduced lung function.
  • Approximately two-thirds of a cigarette is released into the air.

For more detailed information on the topics covered in this section, you may refer to the following sources:

• 101 Questions on Addiction (2019). [Link: 101 Soruda Bağımlılık | Yeşilay (yesilay.org.tr)]

• World Health Organization. (2020). Tobacco: health benefits of smoking cessation. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/tobacco-health-benefits-of-smoking-cessation

• World Health Organization. (2025). WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2025: warning about the dangers of tobacco . [Link: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240088283

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